Cosmological Constraint on the Effective Number of Neutrino Species

We discuss constraints on the effective number of neutrino species Nnu from recent cosmological observations such as CMB, LSS, BBN, including our own analysis which uses the WMAP and the Luminous Red Galaxy power spectrum data. We also discuss their implications on some non-standard cosmological scenarios such as the low (MeV-scale) reheating temperature scenario and the scenario with decaying particles between BBN and structure formation.