Constraining Solid HNCO and Its Environment in Open JWST Data with Laboratory Spectra

The presence of HNCO in the gaseous phase is well known for the interstellar medium, but the molecule is not detected yet in the solid phase. We report the first laboratory-confirmed identification of solid HNCO at 2260 cm${}^{-1}$ in open JWST data using laboratory infrared spectra. For that, we grew binary mixtures of HNCO with main constituents of interstellar ice using ISEAge setup at 10 K: HNCO:H${}_2$O = 1:10, HNCO:CO = 1:10, HNCO:CO${}_2$ = 1:10, HNCO:CH${}_3$OH~=~1:10. We present transmission infrared spectra of pure HNCO and HNCO-bearing ices along with the corresponding band strengths at 10 K. The fitting of open JWST observational data with the laboratory reference spectra in a 10–23 K temperature range show that solid HNCO is predominantly located in the apolar layer rich in CO. The abundance of solid HNCO is approximately estimated as 0.04–0.15% relative to solid H${}_2$O. The positive correlation between HNCO and N${}_2$O suggests their co-formation via the chemical route that includes solid N${}_2$. The results are also supported by the numerical modeling of HNCO formation in protostellar objects with predicted abundance of 0.06–0.11%. We calculated the upper limits for CH${}_3$CN toward two protostars and evaluated its abundance to solid water using the spectroscopic fitting and modeling.