Realization of several related $(2+1)$-dimensional integrable systems via an anti-self-dual Yang--Mills reduction

We derive several integrable equations in $(2+1)$ dimensions from the anti-self-dual Yang–Mills (ASDYM) equations with gauge group $G=\mathrm{G}\mathrm{L}(2,\mathbb{C})$ by imposing a single one-dimensional constraint on the ASDYM matrices. The resulting systems include the $(2+1)$-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation, a $(2+1)$-dimensional generalized derivative NLS family encompassing the Gerdjikov–Ivanov, Chen–Lee–Liu, and Kaup–Newell equations, and the $(2+1)$-dimensional Heisenberg ferromagnetic (HF) equation. The $(1+1)$-dimensional Wadati–Konno–Ichikawa equation is also recovered through a reciprocal transformation of the HF equation. The nonlinear variables and the associated gauge transformations are expressed explicitly in terms of the entries of the ASDYM matrices. The same one-dimensional constraint is implemented in the Cauchy matrix framework, yielding explicit solutions of the reduced integrable equations. In this formulation, the ASD Yang–Mills Lagrangian density is expressed in terms of a $\tau$-function; for suitable exponential data, this $\tau$-function becomes a Grammian-type $\tau$-function of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equaton. The studies are extended to $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{L}(M,\mathbb{C})$ at the matrix level.