$\frac{1}{2}$ derivations and biderivations of 3-dimensional nilpotent Lie-Yamaguti algebras

In this paper, we investigate $\frac{1}{2}$-derivations and their corresponding local and 2-local analogues on three-dimensional nilpotent Lie–Yamaguti algebras over a field $\mathbb{F}$ of characteristic zero. Utilizing the established classification of these algebras, we explicitly determine their structures of $\frac{1}{2}$-derivations and biderivations. Furthermore, we characterize the matrix representations of their local $\frac{1}{2}$-derivations. Our findings demonstrate that, for the non-abelian algebras under consideration, the space of local $\frac{1}{2}$-derivations is strictly larger than that of ordinary $\frac{1}{2}$-derivations. In addition, we construct examples of 2-local $\frac{1}{2}$-derivations that fail to be global $\frac{1}{2}$-derivations. Finally, a complete characterization of the biderivations for these algebras is provided.