Global analyses of PDFs in the precision era

Parton distribution functions or PDFs are determined through global fits to an ever-increasing array of data, including deep-inelastic scattering at fixed-target experiments and HERA, and hadron collisions at the Tevatron and LHC. As the dataset has expanded, theoretical accuracy has improved from partial next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) coverage about 20 years ago to approximate N${}^3$LO global fits today. The fitting collaborations must reconcile these complex calculations and data analyses while ensuring that quoted PDF uncertainty bands remain reliable.