Maximum likelihood, neural networks and posterior mean for inferring fractional Brownian motion parameters

Fractional Brownian motion (fBM) is a model of anomalous diffusion parameterised by a Hurst exponent $H\in (0,1)$ and a generalised diffusion coefficient $D_H>0$. We jointly estimate $H$ and $D_H$ using maximum likelihood (MLE) from density measurements with Poisson counting noise and single-particle trajectory with Gaussian localisation error. We show that one density measurement in time cannot infer both $H$ and $D_H$ and that several time points are needed, which matters most for inference precision. For trajectories, we show that a neural network trained with a squared error loss approximates the posterior mean of $H$, which can be computed exactly at negligible cost. Paired with the profile-likelihood estimate of $D_H$, the posterior mean has the lowest root mean squared error in both $H$ and $D_H$, except near $H=0$ and $H=1$ where MLE estimates $H$ better. In vesicle trajectories from two cell types, $H$ and $D_H$ form a continuum rather than distinct modes of motion. The posterior probability that each window within a track is subdiffusive or superdiffusive shows that $26\mathrm{\%}$ of MRC5 fibroblast and $21\mathrm{\%}$ of HeLa vesicle trajectories contain both subdiffusive and superdiffusive windows, against $2\mathrm{\%}$ and $7\mathrm{\%}$ expected from estimation uncertainty alone. Intracellular cargoes therefore switch between subdiffusion and superdiffusion over time rather than forming populations with fixed $H$.