Observation of single top-quark production in the $s$-channel in proton--proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector

The first single-experiment observation of single top-quark production in the $s$-channel is presented. Measurements of this process are essential to fully characterize the electroweak interactions of the top quark and probe for new physics, however its highly suppressed cross-section has so far caused it to evade direct detection at the Large Hadron Collider. The analysis uses proton–proton collision data collected at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $140$ fb${}^{-1}$. The selected events contain exactly one electron or muon, missing transverse momentum, and exactly two $b$-quark-initiated jets. A Graph Neural Network is utilized to separate the signal from the top-quark pair, $W$+jets, and $t$-channel single top-quark backgrounds. A likelihood fit to the network output yields an observed (expected) signal significance of $5.1$ ($5.2$) standard deviations. The measured cross-section of ${\sigma }_{t\bar{b}+\bar{t}b}=10.8\pm 1.5\text{ (stat.)}\pm 1.6\text{ (syst.)}\text{pb}$ is consistent with the Standard Model prediction.