Moment-Accurate Gaussian Mixtures for Constant-Step Stochastic Approximation

Local Gaussian models of constant-step learning predict output variability and expected losses, but weak convergence alone does not justify these moment predictions. We establish moment-accurate Gaussian mixtures by matching stationary energy with local Ornstein–Uhlenbeck limits, ruling out quadratic tail mass invisible to weak convergence. For step size $a$, the second-order Wasserstein error is $o(\sqrt{a})$, uniformly over invariant laws, using each law’s actual root weights. The assumptions combine confinement, descent, finitely many hyperbolic equilibria and root continuity with finite-variance innovations. The result yields observable covariances, expected objective gaps and first-order mean shifts, while allowing singular covariances, compatible saddles and weights without a limit. For additive noise given by a fixed invertible transform of independent standardized Student $t_3$ coordinates, symmetry gives an order-sharp $\sqrt{a}$ smooth-test bound. Numerical transport calculations demonstrate the value of root-specific covariances; controlled SGD studies assess observable predictions across step sizes, batch sizes and model geometries.