Surface-Dependent Phonon Dynamics in 9-Armchair Graphene Nanoribbon Arrays

We use temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy to investigate five configurations of atomically precise 9-armchair graphene nanoribbons (9-AGNRs) differing in substrate, alignment, and coverage. Measurements from 70 to 300 K and full-window Lorentzian fits yield the positions and linewidths of the radial-breathing-like mode (RBLM), confinement-activated $D$, and $G$ modes. The $D$ and $G$ modes soften on heating at configuration-dependent rates. For the same unaligned high-coverage film before and after polymer-free transfer, measured $D$- and $G$-mode redshift rates are smaller on the Raman-optimised substrate than on Au by factors of 4.7 and 5.6, respectively. We model the frequency shifts as thermoelastic contributions from substrate-ribbon thermal-expansion mismatch plus a Klemens-type anharmonic term. Between 80 and 290 K, the model gives $D$- and $G$-mode redshifts from $0.305$ to $6.322{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$, whereas the zero-K-referenced Klemens-type contribution remains below $0.050{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$. Under the adopted assumptions, thermal-expansion mismatch therefore dominates these shifts. The modelled RBLM change remains below $1{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$ and cannot be robustly separated into its two contributions. The dense aligned Au array additionally shows intermediate-temperature minima in the $D$- and $G$-mode linewidths, inconsistent with conventional monotonic anharmonic broadening and indicating an additional temperature-dependent broadening or line-shape contribution.