Axial Symmetry Breaking and Chiral Separation Effect in Nambu-Jona-Lasinio Model

We investigate the chiral separation effect (CSE) and the axial-partner susceptibility splittings within the three-flavor Nambu–Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model, providing two complementary aspects of axial dynamics in hot and dense magnetized matter. We compare a field-dependent scalar coupling, which leads to inverse magnetic catalysis (IMC), with a constant coupling, which exhibits magnetic catalysis (MC). In the weak-field limit, the CSE conductivity is suppressed at low temperature and approaches its chiral-limit value as the temperature increases. Its magnetic-field dependence is reversed between the IMC and MC scenarios. On the other hand, the susceptibility splittings ${\mathrm{\Delta }}_A={\chi }_{{\pi }^0}-{\chi }_{{\delta }^0}$ and $\mathrm{\Delta }\chi ={\chi }_{{\pi }^0}-{\chi }_{{\sigma }_l}$ are suppressed at high temperature or density, reflecting the substantial restoration of axial symmetries. Their difference develops a pronounced peak near the cross-over or first-order transition, implying that the $U(1{)}_A^{(0)}$ and $U(1{)}_A^{(3)}$ symmetries are restored at different temperatures or chemical potentials. Both the weak-field CSE and the IMC susceptibility splittings at vanishing chemical potential agree qualitatively with lattice-QCD calculations. We also provide model predictions for the susceptibility splittings at finite density.