From Seeing to Acting: Smart Glasses as First-Person Intelligence Platforms

Smart glasses are evolving from capture and display accessories into first-person intelligence platforms that connect human perception, persistent context, and digital or physical action. Their on-body viewpoint aligns with the wearer’s vision, audition, motion, and hand-object interaction, but must operate under tight energy, thermal, privacy, and feedback constraints. Despite rapid progress in augmented reality, egocentric vision, multimodal models, human-computer interaction, and embodied intelligence, the literature remains fragmented across devices, tasks, and benchmarks. $\mathit{\text{The}}\mathit{\text{key}}\mathit{\text{challenge}}\mathit{\text{is}}\mathit{\text{not}}\mathit{\text{whether}}\mathit{\text{a}}\mathit{\text{model}}\mathit{\text{can}}\mathit{\text{recognize,}}\mathit{\text{answer,}}\mathit{\text{remember,}}\mathit{\text{or}}\mathit{\text{act}}\mathit{\text{in}}\mathit{\text{isolation,}}\mathit{\text{but}}\mathit{\text{whether}}\mathit{\text{a}}\mathit{\text{complete}}\mathit{\text{system}}\mathit{\text{can}}\mathit{\text{sustain}}\mathit{\text{a}}\mathit{\text{reliable,}}\mathit{\text{temporally}}\mathit{\text{valid,}}\mathit{\text{correctable,}}\mathit{\text{and}}\mathit{\text{governable}}\mathit{\text{perception-state-interaction-action}}\mathit{\text{loop.}}$ This survey is $\mathit{\text{the}}\mathit{\text{first}}\mathit{\text{to}}\mathit{\text{systematically}}\mathit{\text{study}}\mathit{\text{smart}}\mathit{\text{glasses}}\mathit{\text{through}}\mathit{\text{such}}\mathit{\text{a}}\mathit{\text{unified}}\mathit{\text{framework}}$. We formalize first-person data flow and constrained task utility, characterize devices along eight verifiable hardware capability axes, organize the literature around seven interdependent foundational capabilities, and introduce an L0-L5 framework spanning capture, reactive perception, contextual assistance, persistent state, governed action, and embodied coupling. Across nine application scenes, we connect tasks with datasets, systems, products, stakeholders, failure consequences, and evidence gaps. We further present a nine-dimensional deployment framework, a claim-conditioned evaluation protocol, and an evidence ladder from controlled measurement to longitudinal field validation and audit. Together, these elements make smart glasses more comparable, deployable, and reproducibly evaluated, while outlining a roadmap toward trustworthy first-person intelligence.