Symmetry of Solutions and Domain-Reduction Finite Element Method for Second-Order Linear Elliptic Dirichlet Boundary Value Problems on Bounded Domains

Combining classical group theory and partial differential equation theory, this paper investigates the symmetry group $\mathrm{Sym}(u)$ of the unique solution $u$ to the second-order linear elliptic boundary value problem on an $n$-dimensional bounded domain $\mathrm{\Omega }$ $-{\sum }_{i,j=1}^n{a}_{ij}(x)u_{x_i{x}_j}+{\sum }_{i=1}^n{b}_i(x)u_{x_i}+c(x)u=f(x),x\in \mathrm{\Omega }$, $u(x)=h(x),x\in \mathrm{\partial }\mathrm{\Omega }$, The following symmetry groups are defined and characterized respectively: the symmetry group $\mathrm{Sym}(A)$ of the second-order coefficient matrix function $A(x)=(a_{ij}(x){)}_{n\times n}$; the symmetry group $\mathrm{Sym}(b)$ of the first-order coefficient column vector function $b(x)=(b_1(x),b_2(x),\cdots ,b_n(x){)}^T$; the symmetry group $\mathrm{Sym}(c)$ of the zero-order coefficient function $c(x)$; the symmetry group $\mathrm{Sym}(f)$ of the internal source function $f(x)$; and the symmetry group $\mathrm{Sym}(h)$ of the boundary source function $h(x)$. This paper rigorously proves that the common symmetry group $\mathrm{Sym}(A)\cap \mathrm{Sym}(b)\cap \mathrm{Sym}(c)\cap \mathrm{Sym}(f)\cap \mathrm{Sym}(h)$ is a subgroup of $\mathrm{Sym}(u)$. In addition, if the common symmetry group contains several mirror symmetry elements, the original second-order linear elliptic boundary value problem on the entire domain $\mathrm{\Omega }$ can be reduced to the corresponding boundary value problem on a certain subdomain. It is strictly proven in this paper that the new boundary condition imposed on the boundary of the subdomain is the homogeneous generalized Neumann boundary condition. The linear finite element method is used to numerically solve the second-order linear elliptic boundary value problem on the subdomain, thereby achieving domain reduction and significantly reducing the computational cost.