Wave-Based Bilateral Teleoperation between Nonlinear Manipulators with Direct Contact Force Feedback

We study bilateral teleoperation between nonlinear, multi-DOF robotic manipulators in the presence of constant communication delays. Unlike classical wave-transformation architectures that transmit a coordinating force, we consider the case where the environmental force is reflected to the master side to enhance teleoperation transparency. Since direct contact force feedback might destabilize the closed-loop system, we first develop a passivity-shortage characterization for the Euler–Lagrange remote system using a linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach. An upper strictly passive communication law is then employed to compensate for the computed passivity shortage so that the closed-loop stability under delays as well as position and force synchronization are preserved under appropriate conditions. Simulations with nonlinear 2-DOF robotic manipulators in different settings illustrate our approach.