Equationless quadratic Chabauty for non-split Cartan modular curves

The aim of this article is to describe an equationless method for determining the rational points on the non-split Cartan curve $X_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}}^{+}(N)$ of prime level $N⩾13$. Instead of using a projective model for the modular curve, our method uses the moduli interpretation of the curve, namely we work directly with elliptic curves and Cartan level structures. To accomplish this, we use the geometric version of the quadratic Chabauty method. We show that this can be combined with algorithms for divisor arithmetic developed by Makdisi and Mascot so as to apply to modular curves. As an illustration, we rederive the set of rational points on the curve $X_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}}^{+}(13)$.