Effective Theory of Fermion Quartet Condensation

We develop a theory of superconductivity (or superfluidity) based on condensed fermion quartets focusing on the dilute spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ systems at zero temperature. In the spirit of the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer ansatz, a variational wavefunction is constructed such that, within the so-called dilute quartet approximation", it is the ground state of an effective quartic Hamiltonian. For a given two-body interaction in favor of quartetting, the gap parameter is suitably defined and the gap equation is also derived. As to the excited states, an intuitive physical picture based on a sixteen-dimensional occupation space" is depicted and the associated eigen-energies are obtained. This theory is applied to compute the superfluid fraction, which is found to be the same as in conventional superconductors, despite the interacting nature of the quartet problem.