An Energy-Stable Implicit Convex-Splitting BDF2 Scheme for the Cahn-Hilliard-Navier-Stokes Equations

We develop an energy-stable implicit convex-splitting BDF2 discretization (CS-BDF2) of the Cahn–Hilliard–Navier–Stokes equations. For the Cahn–Hilliard equation, BDF2 analyses can establish energy stability by testing the phase equation in the (H^{-1}) metric. For CHNS, this test is not compatible with the coupled energy estimate: the momentum equation is tested by (\bfu^{n+1}), while the transported phase equation is tested by (μ^{n+1}) so that transport cancels capillary work. The chemical-potential relation must then be paired with the BDF2 phase increment ((3φ^{n+1}-4φ^n+φ^{n-1})/2); its nonlinear part must produce a BDF2 bulk-energy difference, up to nonnegative higher-order history terms. To overcome this difficulty, we introduce a new BDF2-compatible convex-splitting approximation of the nonlinear bulk force that directly yields a discrete bulk-energy identity and enables a discrete energy analysis for the CHNS system. Specifically, we discretize the bulk force (f(φ)=φ^3-φ) by (χ(φ^{\dagger,n+1},φ^{\dagger,n})-φ^{,n+1}), where (χ(a,b)=\tfrac14(a^2+b^2)(a+b)), (φ^{\dagger,n+1}=\tfrac{3φ^{n+1}-φ^n}{2}), (φ^{\dagger,n}=\tfrac{3φ^n-φ^{n-1}}{2}), and (φ^{,n+1}=2φ^n-φ^{n-1}). This discretization is based on the shifted BDF2 identity ((3φ^{n+1}-4φ^n+φ^{n-1})/2=φ^{\dagger,n+1}-φ^{\dagger,n}). With a matching discretization of the reversible coupling terms in CHNS, the scheme is mass conservative, uniquely solvable, and unconditionally energy stable. We prove second-order convergence for the phase variable, chemical potential, velocity, and pressure.