Anisotropic Crystallization Kinetics and Interfacial Dynamics of Phase-Change Material Sb${}_2$S${}_3$ from Machine Learning Force Field Simulations

The phase-change material antimony sulfide (Sb${}_2$S${}_3$) relies on rapid and reversible phase transitions between crystalline and amorphous states, which are critical for their performance in data storage and photonics applications. In this work, a machine learning force field is developed based on the moment tensor potential approach, allowing us to understand the atomistic origin of the structural evolution and crystallization kinetics in Sb${}_2$S${}_3$ for the first time, by enabling large-scale molecular dynamics simulations (up to 7680 atoms for 40 ns). Sb${}_2$S${}_3$ shows anisotropic growth rates with the [100] facet exhibiting the fastest growth due to the strong Sb-S covalent bonding along its quasi-1D ribbon-like structure of its crystalline phase. The activation energy for crystal growth is found to be 0.55-0.57 eV, whereas that for diffusion is around 1.16-1.56 eV. The lower activation energy for crystal growth indicates that its heterogeneous crystallization is interface controlled rather than diffusion limited, unlike GST and GeTe with atomic attachment at the solid-liquid interface being energetically favoured over long range atomic transport. These findings provide key insights into the structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic properties of Sb${}_2$S${}_3$, paving the way for optimizing its functionality including switching speed, reliability, and energy efficiency.