Nested nodal loops for sums of Laplace eigenfunctions

We study nested loops in zero sets of sums of Laplace eigenfunctions on closed surfaces. In the real-analytic category, answering a question of Logunov, we prove a uniform bound for the number of rooted double nests in terms of the surface, the root, and the spectral cutoff. We show that this analyticity hypothesis is sharp: on a smooth sphere, a linear combination of eigenfunctions with eigenvalues $0$ and $2$ can have infinitely many rooted double nests. We also answer a question of Logunov and Nadirashvili by constructing a planar biharmonic function whose nodal set contains a double nest, and we prove a quantitative bound for entire biharmonic functions of polynomial growth. The biharmonic construction gives a nodal-set manifestation of the failure of the Boggio–Hadamard conjecture from the 1900s.